1 Book of Abstracts Hobby archaeology: from citizen science to heritage practice communities Brussels, 10-11 June 2024 Practical information: https://www.uantwerpen.be/en/conferences/hobby-archaeology-fromcitizen-science-to-heritage-practice-communities/ Organized by KU Leuven, University of Antwerp, Bergen University, Flanders Heritage Agency and Histories vzw, with financial support from Research Foundation – Flanders (FWO). Monday 10 June 2024 Keynote lecture Henriette Roued (University of Copenhagen): Heritage practice communities and digital platforms - comparing family historians and metal detectorists This keynote is based on research into the existing practices of family historians. As a community they are central figures in the ecosystem of digital heritage, both as contributors to and users of digitized heritage resources. This research revealed a rich tapestry of digital engagement practices amongst family historians, which was both connected to and separate from heritage institutions. For family historians, digital platforms are not just repositories of information, but important spaces for social interaction, as well as seeking, managing and sharing information within the community, as a part of a lifelong leisure pursuit. This keynote aims to present this research and to explore how it relates to other Heritage Practice Communities (HPCs), notably metal detectorists. Theme 1: Hobby metal detecting in archaeology and numismatics Tuuli Kurisoo (Tallinn University), A licence to search: a brief overview of licence holders in Estonia In Estonia, the hobby of metal detecting for archaeological finds has been regulated for more than a decade. Those interested in the hobby must obtain a licence, which requires completion of a special training course. The popularity of metal detecting has grown rapidly in recent years and there are currently around 1000 licensed hobbyists in the country. Information on licence holders is publicly available through the National Register of Cultural Monuments. This data provides a general understanding of who is involved in metal detecting in Estonia. It is important to note that licences are valid for five years and some hobbyists may become inactive during this period. This overview provides valuable insights into the demographics and interests of metal detectorists in Estonia, enabling a better understanding of their needs and facilitating appropriate regulation and support for this stakeholder group.
2 Dominique Bosquet, Cécile Ansieau, Elise Delaunois, Christelle Draily, Véronique Moulaert & Olivier Vrielynck (Agence Wallonne du Patrimoine - AWaP), Legal detectorism in Wallonia: 2019-2023 overview The new Walloon Heritage Code (CoPat), which will come into force on 1 June 2024, has maintained the possibility of delivering a permit to people wishing to carry out "detecting activities involving the modification of the ground or the removal of objects using a metal detector" (CoPat, art. D.80). However, legal adaptations have been made, based on experience gained since the implementation of this legalisation policy in June 2019. The communication will present the legislation, AWaP’s practical arrangements and management of the data generated by the various mandatory declarations, some results in terms of archaeological heritage knowledge. The means implemented to disseminate this knowledge and maintain the link with legalist detectorists will also be presented. Finally, some figures covering the period 2019-2023 will be analysed, which will make it possible, to a certain extent, to evaluate the effectiveness of this policy and the social profile of the detectorists. Keith Westcott (Detectorists Institute and Foundation), Archaeo-detectorists and practitioners Tomorrow, the archaeologists arrive with their tool of choice on this historic site, 6 tons of hydraulic might to strip the topsoil where yesterday, archaeologists praised the non-evasive benefits of fieldwalking now, rarely included within the budget. Today, before the 1m wide 300kg mechanical bucket cuts into and scrapes back this ancient land, we have the opportunity find and save our irreplaceable portable heritage from the literal jaws of destruction…. As the plough turns the soil horizon and the living environment affects the ancient pasture through bioturbation, a new focus of archaeo-detectorist searches for dating evidence. The SPIA Survey brings a systematic and consistent approach to archaeology, integrating field-walking with metal detecting, a three-dimensional approach performing surface surveys to locating deposits in stratified layers of archaeology… a strategy to form a contextual landscape and mitigate the unwanted possibility of metal implements, mechanical or mattock, from negatively connecting with metal artefacts. Lajos Juhasz (Eötvös Loránd University Budapest), A dirty business: Tackling uncleaned coin finds and the first steps towards a shiny future Metal detecting has brought a huge change in the lives of both professional and amateur archaeologists in addition to vast amounts of new material. The finds finally surfaced, still keep a great deal of their information hidden under the layers of dirt. Guided by curiosity and obligation to tap into this valuable source of knowledge, I started the adventurous journey of cleaning the coins myself. However, I realised there was insufficient information available on this topic on the internet, or was met with the lack of willingness from experienced people to share their knowledge. Often the ones propagated are in fact damaging for the artefacts. Therefore, it would be useful to share our experience with each other and perhaps devise a common manual for metal detectorists and the general public.
3 Theme 2: Data or people? Digital approaches to hobby archaeology Eljas Oksanen (University of Helsinki/University of Reading), Heikki Rantala (Aalto University), Frida Ehrnsten (University of Helsinki/The National Museum of Finland) & Eero Hyvönen (Aalto University/University of Helsinki), CoinSampo Linked Open Data Service and Semantic Portal This paper presents the new web demonstrator and Linked Open Data service CoinSampo (https://rahasampo.ldf.fi/en/) for opening numismatic public finds. The data service demonstrator has been developed from over 18,000 coin finds (mostly metal-detected) that were reported to the National Museum of Finland between 2013 and 2023, and which are enriched using external data sources by data linking. Notably, the CoinSampo web application combines faceted semantic search with various integrated and easy-to-use data-analytic visualization options, opening up the possibilities for anyone to examine larger patterns and structures in the finds data without specialist knowledge of GIS or statistical programming. The Open Source CoinSampo framework can be, moreover, relatively easily adopted to open any numismatic dataset, including those that follow the Nomisma.org ontology and data model. The application and code is therefore aimed at a maximally broad range of user audiences, including scientific researchers, heritage professionals and institutions, citizen scientists, amateur archaeologists, educators, and anyone interested in learning or opening information about the past. Khaoula Stiti (École Polytechnique de Bruxelles/ Edifices & Mémoires Tunisia) Mapping Archaeological Terrain through Heritage Crowdsourcing: A Case Study of the “Observatoire Collaboratif du Patrimoine” Project in Tunisia This paper presents a case study of the "Observatoire Collaboratif du Patrimoine" project (Collaborative Heritage Observatory), implemented by the Tunisian NGO Edifices et Mémoires, as a model of heritage crowdsourcing in Tunisia. The project focuses on documenting various historical built environments, encompassing archaeological sites among others, by mobilising volunteers for active participation in heritage documentation. Through collective efforts, it endeavours to construct a comprehensive database of archaeological sites and artefacts, concurrently fostering public engagement and heritage awareness. Utilising a digital platform available online and crowdsourcing, the project facilitates knowledge dissemination, thereby enabling significant contributions to heritage, including archaeological research. This paper underscores the project's role in advancing crowdsourced heritage and archaeology, promoting heritage conservation, and enhancing our comprehension of the past. Ben Rajeb, S., & Béjar, H. (2019). Participatory Approach for a “Collaborative Heritage Observatory” in Tunisia. In Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Advanced Collaborative Networks, Systems and Applications, IARIA, 12-19. Retrieved from http://personales.upv.es/thinkmind/dl/conferences/colla/colla_2019/colla_2019_1_30_50025.pdf Édifices & Mémoires. (2024). Home. Retrieved from https://www.edifices-et-memoires.com/ Édifices & Mémoires. (2017, September 26). Observatoire Collaboratif du Patrimoine / Édifices & Mémoires / UNESCO / PAE3C [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QtP8qZuF2H4 Irmelin Axelsen (University of Oslo), Storing ‘grey knowledge’ for long-term FAIR data With hobby archaeology comes new forms of data that are challenging to store and share via existing recording systems and archives. This includes a variety of ‘grey knowledge’, which is often difficult to structure or even writing down at all. Consequently, a lot of this information will disappear when key
4 actors are gone from the field. What will the effects of this be on the long-term reuse of hobbyistderived data? Trust is a vital factor to ensure the reusability and longevity of heritage data and distrust in the precision or reliability of the information given by hobby archaeologists is a commonly cited reason for not utilizing the data. In this presentation I will discuss why, and perhaps how, we should be working to ensure that a wider range of information is stored about the data that stem from hobby archaeologists. Raimund Karl (University of Vienna), An exercise in futility - the new Austrian "finds reporting" app In January 2024, the Austrian federal monuments protection agency (BDA) made available a new "finds reporting" app. The app, which aims to make the reporting of "portable archaeological monuments" by members of the public easier and thus improve the abysmally low reporting rates: over the last few decades, the average number of finds reports submitted by members of the Austrian public has been hovering in the range of c. 150-200. That is despite the fact that there are at least 6.000 (demonstrably) active metal detectorists, with the current estimates by detector shops suggesting that the actual numbers may be closer to 35.000. Yet, despite the fact that encouraging these detectorists to report their finds would be quite essential, the app simply isn't fit for the task; and doesn't address the real issue: that detectorists have no confidence that they will not be wrongly persecuted for lawful detecting. Lightning talks Emma Yskout (KU Leuven), Pieterjan Deckers (KU Leuven), Anouk Hazelof (Histories) Detector rallies: menace or manageable? Like elsewhere in NW Europe, detector rallies – large group events organized for, and usually by, detectorists – are a growing phenomenon in Flanders. Such events pose distinct challenges from the perspective of heritage management and policy. How can we ensure the proper treatment and recording of finds resulting from such large events? How can damage to archaeologically valuable remains be avoided? In this presentation, we report on an MA research project which explored the nature and impact of rallies, through fieldwork in collaboration with rally organizers and other heritage actors in Flanders. Based on this analysis, measures are assessed to mitigate the issues resulting from detector rallies and to create opportunities for productive collaboration between rally organizers and the heritage profession. Erwin Meylemans (Flanders Heritage), Mudlarkers as rescue archaeology: a case from the banks of the Scheldt river In 2018 an archaeological site was reported from the banks of the Scheldt river in Antwerp, which was subject to intensive riverine erosion. Because in situ preservation or a rescue archaeological excavation is near impossible at this location, situated in the intertidal zone, a collaboration has been set up with an enthusiastic group of ‘mudlarkers’. This resulted in thousands of archaeological finds,
5 ranging from the prehistory to the recent times. In combination with the monitoring of the site using detailed topographical measuring, drone recordings, augerings, etc., the project provides not only important information on the archaeological built up of this site, but also the impact of climate change en resulting riverine erosion. Foremost the project demonstrates the value of the collaboration between heritage professionals and amateur archaeologists. Kristin Oswald (Universität Hamburg), SocialMediaHistory. Bridging Citizen Science, Public Archaeology and Social Media Research Professionals in the field of public archaeology and heritage practices need at least a basic understanding of the public's knowledge and perceptions of archaeology. This is possible through research on social media, where archaeology related content is by no means always published by researchers themselves. Over the last three years, the German citizen science project "SocialMediaHistory" has explored the dynamics of past-related content on Instagram and TikTok. The participating citizens helped specify and conduct the research but also broadened the project's perspectives, focusing not only on content, but also on the various functions and forms of usage of the platforms. As an archaeologist and project coordinator, it was particularly important to me to consider archaeological topics as part of our research. During the conference I would like to give a brief introduction to the project and exemplary highlight our findings about German-language content tagged with #Germanen and #CitizenScience. Furthermore, I would like to outline general approaches for collaborative research on social media content related to (hobby) archaeology. Rikke Søgaard (University of Copenhagen), Sustainable metal detecting: to register, or not to register, that is the question Since around the turn of the millennium, new archaeological sites found in Denmark have primarily been discovered due to metal detecting – and by extension, ten thousand findings are coming to light each year. This presentation, part of a master's thesis, explores the delicate balance between the depth of registration and the limitations of time and resources in the context of metal detector findings in Denmark. Focusing on the motivations of metal-detecting users and existing registration systems and practices in Denmark raises the question: How much should we register? Can we register too much? How can we optimize registration processes considering finite resources and time? Drawing on a case study of lead spindle whorls from Southern Jutland, featuring local designs alongside imported counterparts, this presentation aims to raise questions within the broader framework of heritage management and stimulate discussions on effective and sustainable approaches to recording metal detector finds. Mathias Kaas (Aarhus University), Brooches and Beyond My master’s thesis, scheduled for submission on 03/06/2024, is centered on constructing a typology for Nordic equal-armed brooches dating to the Viking Age, exclusively utilising data from online databases. It investigates the representativeness of this data and discusses the opportunities and
6 limitations of conducting research based on online accessible data. It examines the classical archaeological research by evaluating to what extent all the data gathered using e.g. DIME, FindSampo, PAS etc. can be used for research-relevant purposes. Additionally, the study explores how the data can be used to identify different networks, shedding light on regionality and trade networks for the period. The conclusions of this research are expected to offer valuable insights into the utility of online databases in archaeological studies and contribute to the ongoing discourse on methodological approaches in material culture research. Moreover, the developed typology may serve as a framework for future research in this period. Poul Hounsvad (Aarhus University), Assembling fragments of the warrior's crown The distribution of crested helmets from the LGIA (550-800 AD) has previously been associated with England, Sweden, Norway, Latvia, and recently, the Netherlands. However, a rise in metal-detecting and citizen science, combined with data from online forums and databases like DIME, has led to the discovery of crested helmet fragments across multiple northern European countries. Many new pieces were identified through thorough searches of DIME, museum databases, metal-detecting forums, and publications. However, some fragments proved challenging to identify due to shared motifs with other objects. Analysis suggested a combination of continentally inspired local production, iconography, and social status representation in helmet decoration. This research updates the distribution of LGIA crested helmets, primarily using finds and data from metal detectorists, highlighting the presence of crested helmets in Denmark and suggesting a Scandinavian origin influenced by continental empires like Rome and Byzantium. Jeroen Vandenborre (VONA), Let’s Dig Together Commercial archaeology has rapidly replaced various local and regional non-professional initiatives in Flanders since around 2000 and certainly has taken a flight since 2010. The session aims to show the opportunities and difficulties of cooperation between professional and non-professional parties in the future. The contractual relationship between a professional archaeologist and his client too often implies a lack of regional knowledge and knowledge building. It excludes hobby archaeologists because of different local regulations concerning safety and protection of professional work. How can we change this structural? - Create an official status as hobby archaeologist. Since collaboration between a company and a heritage service is possible, a hobby archaeologist can still be involved in fieldwork and development of local knowledge. A basic training of one day about safety, heritage law, but also regular feedback, … should be mandatory. - Mapping archives and depots of local archaeological/historical associations. - Change commercial specifications and contracts. Emphasize regional involvment, reward corporate social responsability. The stability, durability and investments offered by commercial companies in combination with the regional knowledge, network and passion of hobbyists, supported by common ideas among clients, both private and governmental, is a recipe for high-quality sustainable archaeological research with automatic local anchoring and knowledge building.
7 Simon Verdegem (BAAC Vlaanderen): DigHill80: crowdfunding and the power of participation A vacant lot near the De Kapellerie neighborhood in Wijtschate was the location of a unique First World War site. During the war, this place played a strategic role and was the scene of fierce fighting in 1914, 1917, and 1918. Already during the preliminary research in 2015, the exceptional nature of the site became clear. Despite the undeniable need for excavation, the research could not start until the spring of 2018 for several reasons. Thanks to an intensive international crowdfunding project, the site could finally be thoroughly investigated. The impressive results have made a significant contribution to our understanding of World War I in Flanders. Moreover, the project evolved into a participatory initiative where volunteers could actively contribute, schools and visitors had the opportunity to explore the site during excavations, and archaeological findings and developments were shared live with the public. Ben Bellefroid (Roma Media): “Echoes from the Past”. A citizen science archaeological prospection project in the forests of Brabant A citizen science archaeological prospection project in the forests of Brabant, coordinated by Ben Bellefroid (Roma Media) and Erwin Meylemans (Flanders Heritage Agency). The forests of Brabant (Belgium) are among the oldest forests in the world. They were once part of Caesar's intriguing Silva Carbonaris, the ancient coal forest allegedly covering big parts of Europe during the Roman conquest. Today, more than 100 square kilometers of this mythical forest remain, and the area was recently proclaimed a National Park (Nationaal Park Brabantse Wouden). With its ancient canopy and continuous afforestation, the forest protected a wide range of heritage relics in a well-preserved and almost undisturbed archaeological landscape. Now, thanks to the new technique of aerial LiDAR scans (lasers penetrating the vegetational cover) and the resulting elevation models (3D micro topographical models), archaeologists can thoroughly survey these forest-covered areas for the first time ever. However, preliminary research, in order to create a full and extensive inventory of all the remaining heritage relics in the forests of Brabant, revealed a real treasure trove of archaeological and anthropogenic relics: Bronze age and Roman burial mounds, Roman centuriatio walls, embankments, old roads and tracks, extraction pits, WWII-scars, medieval hunting salons, the list is endless, the relics everywhere. After two years of work, new elements appear on a daily basis, new relics are discovered, new hypotheses built. Researchers can’t see the forest for the trees anymore. There is one solution though. The project needs more eyes. The more one looks at the maps, the more one sees, the more eyes looking, the more information can be gathered. ‘Echoes from the Past’ is a hobby archaeology project involving the public in scientific archaeological prospection. The idea for this project grew out of an existing and growing public interest and involvement in the registration and protection of Roman relics in Meerdaal forest (part of the forests of Brabant). A small public community already got engaged in mapping relics, clearing sites for conservation and sharing data on artefacts. Now, the project partners with Scivic, the Citizen Science Flanders community, and uses the international citizen science platform Zooniverse, that provides all the technical support. Participants review segments of provided LiDAR data based maps, and can mark potential structures and relics. Enthusiasts can work from their home computers and can help scientists to unravel this complex and multi-layered forest landscape. All suggestions will be reviewed by Flanders Heritage Agency and an extensive set of data will be made available to scientists. The final inventory will be published as a research report. (BELLEFROID B., MEYLEMANS E., DE BIE M., 2025: Inventarisatie van archeologische en cultuurhistorische relicten in Meerdaalwoud. Onderzoeksrapport Agentschap Onroerend Erfgoed, in preparation.)
8 Tuesday 11 June 2024 Keynote lecture Matthew Rowe (University of Arizona), Broadening understanding of United States artifact collector behavior through observations of Facebook groups to help guide mitigation and collaboration Archaeologists working with archaeological resource stewards/citizen scientists have focused on highlighting the beneficial, collaborative relationships between these collectors and the professional community. Special issues of the SAA Advances in Archaeological Practice published many examples of how these resource stewards contribute to the expansion of archaeological knowledge and the preservation and protection of archaeological resources. Unfortunately, informal surveys of Facebook groups and Ebay reveal the activities of collectors that professional archaeologists have been and continue to be wary. We might call these groups “the avid collectors” and “the profiteers.” This presentation draws on a survey of three United States based collector groups that are active on Facebook to better define these groups, consider the impacts of their activities, discuss how these three groups fit within the legal landscape of archaeological resource laws, and consider and explore practical approaches for collaboration and/or mitigation of their actions. Theme 3: Theoretical perspectives on HPCs and citizen science Kiara Beaulieu (University of Antwerp), Metal Detecting Trends and Attitudes in Ontario, Canada; What Does Early Survey Data Tell us? Ontario, Canada metal detecting hobbyists have been under increasing pressure to find legitimacy in not only the eyes of the public but archaeologists. Members of this group have launched initiatives such as permit systems, Youtube channels, self-published books and events including the 2nd Annual Metal Detecting Museum in Hamilton, Ontario. A recent newspaper article Digging Up Controversy (April 9, 2024) drew stark lines in the sand on the ethics and legalities of detecting and events that ‘glorify’ the hobby. In an attempt to understand the trends, attitudes and challenges of not only metal detecting community but the concerns of cultural heritage professionals and Indigenous partners a survey was launched that included targeted questions to ferret out ingrained beliefs, concerns and challenges faced by each group. This brief consideration of the newest raw data provides us with real world numbers and attitudes of the metal detecting community outside of Europe. Sami Raninen (Finnish Heritage Agency), (Un)managing metal detectorism in Finland Metal detecting has become a common hobby in Finland only during the last 15 years. The Finnish detectorist community was surveyed in 2014 and 2019, but more recent developments have not been properly studied. Authorities seem to be facing an increasingly self-conscious detectorist body, or possibly several informal bodies and networks with variable heritage practices and internal conflicts. At the same, collaboration between field-working archaeologists and detectorists has become common. My presentation arises from the experience of an archaeological museum curator negotiating between various hobbyist and professional interests, targeting towards culturally sustainable practice in an era of administrative resource austerity.
9 Arne Hertz (Sønderjyllands Amatørarkæologer, Denmark), Object or artifact: A state of mind, as expressed on Facebook The groupings that evolve, when collectors establish Heritage Practice Groups (HCP), exhibit a wide range of accepted stances whether they see an object as that, or as an artifact whose value is enhanced by knowing where found and the the archaeological context. The ideal here being artifact. The fate of objects removed from an area by detectorist etc. is regulated by local laws, but also by the local cultural state of mind. Relevant Facebook groups are an excellent thermometer, when evaluating this state of mind. As a member of several Northern European detecting Facebook groups and also North American/international flint collecting/knapping groups I will evaluate the variations in the state of mind and how this is influenced by local laws and culture and how interaction by the professional community may or may not facilitate the artifact view. An interesting case is comparing the situation in England and Denmark whose laws are liberal when it comes to detecting, but the object view dominates in England and the artifact view in Denmark. It is my ambition that this non scientific evaluation can inspire a more comprehensive comparative survey of pros and cons of the collaboration between detectorist and professionals in different countries, that ultimately can facilitate common ground benefitting the artifacts. Theme 4: heritage collector collaborations Diana Mroczek (Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań), The responsibilization of a citizen – new approaches to metal detecting control in Poland The dynamic changes in Polish legislation regarding hobby metal detecting has been a focus of many confrontational discussions between archaeologists, metal detecting communities and even politicians. The new amendment to The Protection Of Monuments And The Care Of Historical Monuments Act of 2003, signed by President Andrzej Duda last year, has changed rather severe conditions and punishments of using technological means, including metal detectors, to virtually legal withing self-reporting network. However, the intended network in a form of mobile application has not been yet created and its ultimate design is unknown. It is intended to replace the process of obtaining permit from regional conservator offices with auto-reporting via application – sending picture of every find to the appointed officials in those institutions. My paper will discuss the current state of relationship between hobby metal detecting and archaeology, reluctance to opening a dialogue and ever-growing need for structured and legally enforceable collaboration. Walter Sevenants (Archeologische Werkgroep Kortenberg), Carried by passion: 50 Years of hobby archaeology in Kortenberg (Flanders) Since the 1970s, hobby archaeologists have played an essential role in locating, preserving and valorizing the archaeological heritage in Kortenberg. This was done both on an individual basis and within the Archeologische Werkgroep Kortenberg, often in close cooperation with local organizations, government agencies and universities. The nature and intensity of their contributions have evolved over time, influenced by both internal and external factors. One constant, however, is that they have been an important key in the search for our past. This presentation gives an overview of the evolution that hobby archaeology in Kortenberg has gone through during 50 years, which may be representative for all of Flanders.
10 Martin Rundkvist (Uniwersytet Łódzki), Swedish metal-detecting by pros and amateurs: status 2024 Swedish heritage management has long had quite a hostile attitude both to the metal detector and to amateur metal detectorists. The country’s laws are strict on this point and they are strictly enforced. Sweden’s metal detector legislation aims to minimise looting and exercise strong administrative control. Amateur detectorists are few, and they are not allowed to investigate any archaeologically interesting sites on their own. Things seem to be moving in a more constructive direction, though. Most professional archaeologists believe that the detector hobby should be treated with more respect. Contract archaeology has begun to employ skilled amateur detectorists as paid subcontractors. The Swedish Metal Detector Association (Sveriges Metallsökarförening, SMF), founded in 2012, states as a primary aim to collaborate with professional archaeology. In recent years, regional museums and heritage administrations have organised large detector events together with the SMF. Wim Burggraaf (Rijksdienst voor Cultureel Erfgoed) & Marieke van Winkelhoff (Erfgoedhuis ZuidHolland), Broadening the field: connecting archaeological heritage communities in Zuid-Holland In the Netherlands, the implementation of the Faro Convention provides an incentive for exploring and mapping the dynamics within heritage communities. This knowledge provides insight into the social basis of heritage practices and enables better support for these communities. Due to their informal organizational structure and fluid character, researching these communities can be challenging. Based on interviews, we present an example of in-depth research into a community that is dedicated to searching the beaches for lithic artefacts. We highlight their practices, motivation, knowledge development and their relationship with professional archaeology. This case-study is placed within the framework of the research report 'Archaeology and Faro in ZuidHolland: what role do you play?' which addresses the possibilities, opportunities and requirements for making the archeological field of Zuid-Holland more democratic, better accessible and inclusive. This research offers recommendations for both professional and non-professional archaeologists to come together, reinforce each other and involve lesser-known heritage communities.
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